Defense companies and navies are developing a new generation of autonomous underwater drones capable of revolutionizing naval operations. These larger, more sophisticated vessels can operate independently for extended periods at depths of thousands of feet.

Key players are introducing various models:

• Boeing’s Orca: An 85-foot vessel with a 7,500-mile range, scheduled for U.S. Navy delivery in 2025
• Australia’s Ghost Shark: Part of a $4.65 billion investment in subsea warfare
• BAE Systems’ Herne: A 40-foot autonomous vessel for intelligence gathering
• Northrop Grumman’s Manta Ray: Named for its distinctive shape

These drones serve multiple purposes, including gathering intelligence, protecting undersea infrastructure, and countering maritime threats. Their development is particularly timely as China expands its naval fleet and concerns grow about the vulnerability of underwater communications cables.

Technological advances in batteries, sensors, and electronics have enabled these vessels to operate longer and more autonomously. However, challenges remain: deep-water communication is difficult, manufacturing costs are high, and the harsh underwater environment poses significant engineering challenges.

While cheaper than traditional submarines, which can cost billions, these drones still represent substantial investments. Boeing’s Orca program, initially budgeted at $379 million for five vessels, has seen costs rise to $620 million due to technical challenges.

The U.S. Navy considers these autonomous systems crucial for potential conflicts, particularly in the Pacific. Admiral Lisa Franchetti has identified robotic and autonomous systems as top priorities for the Navy’s modernization efforts.